In clinical practice we see lot of patients with eye disorders. Besides the visual pathway disorders the organ undergoes pathophysiolgical changes.

    The outermost covering conjunctiva tends to get inflamed due to allergy and infection, causing various types of “Conjunctivitis”. It also suffers from “Dry Eye” when there is not enough moisture in the eye.

    The outer layer is the Fibrous layer, the sclera and cornea in which the common clinical conditions like “Scleritis and Keratitis” occur. The middle layer is Vascular layer, which compromises the Iris, Ciliary body and choroids, also named as uveal tract and very often indurated as “Uveitis”.

    The inner nervous tissue layer is Retina, which is prone to get inflammation and errors in refraction causing vision impairment. Retinitis is referred to inflammation of retina and the optic nerve also under goes “Optic Retinitis”. “Myopia” and “Hypermetropia” are the very common vision impairments that we see in lot of people with spectacles. Amblyopia, Trachoma, Night blindness and Colour blindness are rare clinical conditions.

    Astigmatism means that the cornea is oval like a football instead of spherical like a basketball. Most astigmatic corneas have two curves – a steeper curve and a flatter curve. This causes light to focus on more than one point in the eye, resulting in blurred vision at distance or near. Astigmatism often occurs along with nearsightedness or far sightedness.

    Glaucoma is a disease that impairs the optic nerve when fluid and pressure build up in the eye and damage the optic nerve. Hyperopia, or farsightedness, means a person has trouble seeing close things clearly. Retina Detachment is the separation of the retina from the back of the eye. Retinitis Pigmentosa is actually the name given to a group of hereditary eye disorders, all of which involve the eye’s retina, the light-sensitive nerve layer that lines the back of the eye, and all of which cause a gradual, yet progressive, loss or reduction in visual ability. Besides these the screen suffers from Diabetic Retinopathy and Hypertensive retinopathy.

    The vital part of the eye is lens, which is prone to opacity causing Cataract. Presbyopia is another type of farsightedness that occurs over forties and is caused when the center of the eye lens hardens making it unable to accommodate near vision.

    We see many people with Squint, medically termed as “Strabismus” Besides these common eye complaints a eye may suffer from trauma,haemorrhage and proliferative disorders. Retinoblastoma is a common disorder among them .

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